The Fleming Foundation Cultural Commentary

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Pius IX, Conclusion

When the  revolution broke out again in 1848, Pius IX had been Pope for only two years.  He had spent those two years well, reforming the government of the papal states especially the criminal justice system, rooting out corruption, imposing stricter discipline on the clergy.

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What Can We Do With Trump

Cautious  hope  has proved to be warranted because many of the hopes of his supporters have  disappointingly failed of implementation.  His statesmanlike inaugural address is far from becoming his reality in office.