Aristotle, Politics II.4-7
These four chapters of Book II take up consideration of four model commonwealths, two of them fictional and two based on the reality of Sparta and Crete. Readers should be warned at the outset, though, that since Greeks typically idealized or demonized Sparta (and to a lesser extent the cities of Crete), these two constitutions have to be viewed partly as historical reality and partly as representatives of a political ideology, in much the same way that Fascist Italy or Communist Russia have been treated. The first system under review was drawn up by Phaleas of Chalcedon, of whom next to...